Which of the following is considered a substitute for leadership?

Factors in the work environment that provide guidance are indeed considered a substitute for leadership because they can influence the effectiveness of leadership or even mitigate the need for it in certain contexts. For instance, structured processes, organizational norms, and available resources can guide employee behavior and decision-making. When work environments are well-designed, they create mechanisms that help individuals know what to do, which can reduce reliance on direct leadership.

In contrast, personal charisma might enhance a leader's influence but does not serve as a substitute for leadership; it is more of an asset to the leader's effectiveness. Committee oversight involves a group decision-making process and does not replace the need for strong leadership but can supplement it. Direct supervision is a traditional form of leadership that emphasizes direct oversight of employees' activities and does not function as a substitute; rather, it reflects a different style of leading.